Causes
- Trade
- Ports e.g. Shanghai
- Colonies e.g. Lima
- Industrialisation
- Settlement laws
- Natural population growth
- Globalisation
- Reassignment of capital cities
Positive effects
- Reduced transport costs
- Exchange of ideas
- Sharing of resources
- Higher standard of living
- Lower fertility rate
- Rise in tourism
- More labour
Negative effects
- Water contamination
- Air pollution
- Easy spread of diseases
- More crime
- Traffic congestion
- High cost of living
- Difficulty with administration
- Overcrowding
Economic development and change related to urbanisation
- Growth of cities in MEDCs increased rapidly in the 18th century with the industrial revolution and growth has now stabilised or is in decline.
- In the past 50 years NICs and LEDCs have experienced a growth in urban areas bringing many issues due to poor planning like with slums.
- In some developing cities, like Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, crime is so bad that is is hindering development.
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